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Scientists of the early 20th Century found they couldn't explain the
behaviour of atoms using their current knowledge of matter. This led to a new view of matter and energy being
developed to accurately describe how atoms were found to behave, called the Quantum Theory.
Quantum Theory describes matter as acting both as a particle and as a wave.
In the visible objects encountered in everyday life, the wavelike nature of matter is too small to be apparent.
Wavelike nature becomes important, however, in microscopic particles such as electrons that behave like waves as they
exist as a fuzzy cloud of negative charge - in atoms around the nucleus - instead of as a particle located at a single
point.
Electromagnetic
Force
In physics, a force is a push or pull on an object. There are four
fundamental forces acting inside atoms.
The
most familiar of these forces at work inside all atoms is the electromagnetic force. Obviously this includes atoms
making up humans.
This electromagnetic force keeps electrons attached to their atom.
This electromagnetic force is the same force that causes people's hair to
stick to a brush or comb when they have a build-up of static electricity.
The electromagnetic force causes -
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opposite electric charges to attract each other .… negatively charged
electrons in an atom are attracted to the positively charged protons in the atom's nucleus so binding the electrons
to the atom.
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like charges to repel each other … negatively charged electrons repel
one another, although the positively charged nucleus exerts enough electromagnetic force to keep the electrons
attached to the atom.
Physicists eventually learned that particles as small as electrons can behave
like waves, and this property keeps electrons at set distances from the atom's nucleus.
Electrons
as Waves
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Electrons
behave as both particles and waves in atoms.
This characteristic is called wave-particle duality. It affects all
particles and collections of particles, including protons, neutrons, and atoms themselves.
In terms of the structure of the atom, the
wavelike nature of the electron is the most important. |
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As waves, electrons have wavelengths and frequencies. The wavelength of an
electron depends on the electron's energy. Since the energy of electrons is kinetic (energy related to motion), an
electron's wavelength depends on how fast it is moving. The more energy an electron has, the shorter its
wavelength is.
Electron waves can interfere with each other, just as waves along a
rope do when varied or interrupted by someone holding the end of the rope.
Wave
Behaviour
Waves are vibrations that repeat regularly over and over again.
A familiar example of waves occurs when one end of a rope is tied to a fixed object and someone moves the other end up
and down. This action creates waves that travel along the rope. The highest point that the rope reaches is
called the crest of the wave and the lowest point is called the trough of the wave. Troughs and crests usually
follow each other in a regular sequence.
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Wavelength = the distance from one trough to the next trough, or
from one crest to the next crest.
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Frequency = the number of wavelengths that pass a certain point in
a given amount of time.
In physics, the word "wave" usually means the entire pattern, which
may consist of many individual troughs and crests. For example, when the person holding the loose end of the rope
moves it up and down very fast, many troughs and crests occupy the rope at once. A physicist would use the word
"wave" to describe the entire set of troughs and crests of the rope.
When
two waves meet each other, they merge in a process called interference. Interference creates a new
wave pattern.
If two waves with the same wavelength and frequency come together, the
resulting pattern depends on the relative position of the waves' crests. If the crests and troughs of the two
waves coincide, the waves are said to be "in phase".
If
two waves are not the same - "out of phase" - destructive interference can occur.
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Constructive Interference = Waves "in phase" with each other
merging to produce higher crests and lower troughs.
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Destructive Interference = Waves "out of phase" with each other
have respective crests and troughs that do not coincide.
In destructive interference, if two identical waves are exactly half a
wavelength out of phase, the crests of one wave line up with troughs of the other so these waves cancel each other out
completely, and no wave will appear.
 In destructive interference,
if two waves meet that are not exactly in phase and not exactly one-half wavelength out of phase, they will interfere
constructively in some places and destructively in others, producing a complicated new wave.
These
characteristics of wave interference are very significant in realising the effect that man-made EMF
(ElectroMagnetic Force) radiation waves may have on the subtle electromagnetic force of human cells and energy.
Electron
Energy Levels
Each electron in an atom has a particular energy. This energy depends on the
electron's speed, the presence of other electrons, the electron's distance from the nucleus, and the positive charge of
the nucleus. For atoms with more than one electron, calculating the energy of each electron becomes too complicated to
be practical. However, the order and relative energies of electrons follows the order of the electron orbitals.
Physicists call the energy an electron has in a particular orbital the energy
state of the electron. For example, the "1s orbital" holds the two electrons with the lowest possible energies
in an atom. These electrons are in the lowest energy state of any electrons in the atom.
Adding
& Loosing Energy
When an atom gains or loses energy, it does so by adding
energy to, or removing energy from, its electrons. This change in energy causes the electrons to move from
one orbital, or allowed energy state, to another.
 Under
ordinary conditions, all electrons in an atom are in their lowest possible energy states, given that only two electrons
can occupy each orbital. Atoms gain energy by absorbing it from light or from a collision with another particle,
or they gain it by entering an electric or magnetic field. When an atom absorbs energy, one or more of its
electrons moves to a higher, or more energetic, orbital.
Atoms
loose energy by entering an electric or magnetic field. When electrons drop back down to their original energy
states, they release their extra energy in the form of a photon (a packet of radiation).
Photon
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The photon is a quantum of the electromagnetic field and one
photon is the smallest amount of electromagnetic radiation that can exist. All electromagnetic radiation is
quantized as photons. Photons were originally called "energy quanta". They are commonly in
packets with the intensity relating to the number of photons in the packet.
Unlike most particles, photons have no detectable intrinsic mass, or
"rest mass". Photons are always moving at the speed of light,
which varies according to the medium in which they travel.
In a clean medium that's about 300,000
kilometers per second. |
The photon can be perceived as a wave or a particle, depending on how it is
measured.
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Photons can be created and destroyed when interacting with other
particles. A photon's interactions with electrons and atomic nuclei account for a great many of the features of
matter such as the existence and stability of atoms, molecules and solids.
Despite their lack of mass, photons have momentum
proportional to their frequency (or inversely proportional to their wavelength), and this
momentum can be transferred when a photon collides with matter (like a moving billiard
ball transfers momentum into another ball). This is known as radiation pressure.
An
EMF field exerts such an influencing pressure force.
A wide variety of low-energy photons are created by
the oscillation of electric fields in conductors in transmitters used for telecommunication -
radio waves, television and radar signals, etc.
These
enable packets of photons to flow as broadcast electromagnetic waves.
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To download a PDF portable document file version of this significant
paper about the Atoms, Electrons and Electromagnetic force of humans, and the way this can be affected by other EMF
radiation to pass on to others, feel free to download it from this handy link - Atoms_Electrons_EMF.pdf
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